The role of organizational culture on employee engagement
Abstract
Despite the recognized importance of organizational culture (OC) for favorable organizational effects, empirically is relatively little known about its impact on employee engagement (EE), in Balkan countries, especially in the Republic of North Macedonia. To address this gap the purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between OC components and three dimensions of EE (vigor, dedication and absorption). To conduct this study a survey of 152 public secondary education employees who operate in the Republic of North Macedonia was done. The gathered data was analyzed using SPSS program. Results indicated that several components of the OC are significantly related to EE dimensions, such as employee vigor, dedication, and absorption. As a result, the study concludes that OC has a significant positive effect on EE dimensions both in and out of school. The outcomes of this study significantly contribute to a better understanding of the OC-EE relationship in the non-profit organizations.
Keyword : organizational culture, employee engagement, employee vigor, employee dedication, employee absorption
How to Cite
Bilalli Abduraimi, P., Mustafi, M., & Islami, X. (2023). The role of organizational culture on employee engagement. Business: Theory and Practice, 24(1), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2023.17241
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Akanpaadgi, E., & Binpimbu, F. (2021). Employee engagement and organizational performance. Business, Management and Economics Research, 7(3), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.32861/bmer.73.93.100
Al Shehri, M., McLaughlin, P., Al-Ashaab, A., & Hamad, R. (2017). The impact of organizational culture on employee engagement in Saudi Banks. Journal of Human Resources Management Research, 1(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5171/2017.761672
Al-dalahmeh, M., Masa’deh, R., Abu Khalaf, R. K., & Obeidat, B. Y. (2018). The effect of employee engagement on organizational performance via the mediating role of job satisfaction: The case of IT employees in Jordanian banking sector. Modern Applied Science, 12(6), 17–43. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n6p17
Alvesson, M. (2012). Organizational culture and performance. In Understanding organizational culture (pp. 42–70). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280072.n3
Auernhammer, J., & Hall, H. (2014). Organizational culture in knowledge creation, creativity and innovation: Towards the Freiraum model. Journal of Information Science, 40(2), 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551513508356
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2008). A call for longitudinal research in positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 29(5), 705–711. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.517
Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 29(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.515
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(1), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout andwork engagement: The JD-R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
Balow, C. (2017). The “effect size” in educational research: What is it and how to use it. Illuminate Education.
Batool, A., & Batool, B. (2012). Effects of employees training on the organizational competitive advantage: Empirical study of Private Sector of Islamabad, Pakistan. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 6(5), 59–72.
Collins, J., & Porras, J. I. (1995). Lanetzah nivnu [Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies] (Translated by D. Landes). Packer Press.
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business research methods (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Chatman, J. A., & Cha, S. E. (2003). Leading by leveraging culture. California Management Review, 45(4), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166186
Crawford, E. R., Lepine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 834–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019364
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Fried, Y. (2012). Work orientations in the job demands‐resources model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(6), 557–575. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211252428
Engelen, A., Flatten, T. C., Thalmann, J., & Brettel, M. (2014). The effect of organizational culture on entrepreneurial orientation: A comparison between Germany and Thailand. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(4), 732–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12052
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669
Gordon, G. G., & DiTomaso, N. (1992). Predicting corporate performance from organizational culture. Journal of Management Studies, 29(6), 783–798. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00689.x
Gordon, G. G. (1990). The relationship of corporate culture to industry sector and corporate performance. In R. H. Kilmann, M. J. Saxton, & R. Serpa (Eds.), Gain ing control of the corporate culture (pp. 103–125). Jossey-Bass.
Hofstede, G. (2002). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. The Academy of Management Review, 27(3), 460–462. https://doi.org/10.2307/4134391
Huhtala, M., & Feldt, T. (2016). The path from ethical organisational culture to employee commitment: Mediating roles of value congruence and work engagement. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.6
Islami, X. (2021). How to integrate organizational instruments? The mediation of HRM practices effect on organizational performance by SCM practices. Production & Manufacturing Research, 9(1), 206–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/21693277.2021.1978007
Islami, X. (2022). Lean manufacturing and firms’ financial performance: The role of strategic supplier partnership and information sharing. Benchmarking: An International Journal, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-02-2022-0084
Islami, X., & Mulolli, E. (2021). Linking HRM practices to operational performance in the emerging economy. In Proceedings of FEB Zagreb International Odyssey Conference on Economics and Business, 3(1), 890–900. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business.
Janićijević, N. (2020). The impact of organizational culture on firm performance: Organizational culture as a magic wand or silent killer? In Proceedings of the 54th International Academic Virtual Conference. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences. https://doi.org/10.20472/IAC.2020.054.013
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
Kazimoto, P. (2016). Employee engagement and organizational performance of retails enterprises. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 6(4), 516–525. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2016.64047
Kotter, J. P., & Heskett, J. L. (1992). Corporate culture and performance. The Free Press.
Laniado, E. (2017). The interrelationship between motivation, organizational culture and engagement. In The next challenge for 21st century leaders (No. 59/2017). Institute of Economic Research Working Papers.
Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410611420
Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2009). The “point” of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 30(2), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.589
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300814
Macey, W. S. (2009). Employee engagement tools for analysis, practice and competitive advantage. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444306538
Mac-Ozigbo, A., & Daniel, C. O. (2021). The effect of organizational culture on employees’ performance of NAFDAC, Abuja. World Journal of Management and Business Studies, 1(1), 29–44.
Marcoulides, G. A., & Heck, R. H. (1993). Organizational culture and performance: Proposing and testing a model. Organization Science, 4(2), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.2.209
May, D. R. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915892
Motyka, B. (2018). Employee engagement and performance: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Management and Economics, 54(3), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2018-0018
Mulolli, E., Islami, X., & Skenderi, N. (2015). Human resource management practices and SMEs performance: Study based in Kosovo. International Review of Management and Business Research, 4(4).
Mustafa, N., Bajrami, A., & Islami, X. (2022). Electronic services management in local governance – evidence from a transitional economy. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 17(2), 615–621. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170226
Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). Safety at work: A meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021484
Narayanamma, P. L., Neelima, S., & Mounika, K. (2022). Employee engagement and organizational performance: A literature review. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 3558–3563.
Nikpour, A. (2017). The impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: The mediating role of employee’s organizational commitment. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 6(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2017.60432
Øgaard, T., Larsen, S., & Marnburg, E. (2005). Organizational culture and performance – evidence from the fast food restaurant industry. Food Service Technology, 5(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-5740.2005.00109.x
Perrin-ISR, T. (2006). Engaged employees help boost the bottom line. Towers Perrin-ISR, US.
Ramarajan, L. (2006). What makes the job tough? The influence of organizational respect on burnout in the human services. University of Pennsylvania.
Robinson, D. S. (2004). The drivers of employee engagement. IES.
Rousseau, D. (1990). Quantitative assessment of organizational culture: The case for multiple measures. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organization climate and culture (pp. 153–192). Jossey-Bass.
Saavedra, R., & Kwun, S. K. (2000). Affective states in job characteristics theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200003)21:2<131::AID-JOB39>3.0.CO;2-Q
Saks, A. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2014). What do we really know about employee engagement? Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), 155–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21187
Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between job resources and proactive behaviour. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701763982
Sarangi, S. (2010). Reconfiguring self/identity/status/role: The case of professional role performance. Discourse, Identities and Roles in Specialized Communication, 125(1), 33–56.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
Skenderi, N., Islami, X., & Mulolli, E. (2016). The influence of macroeconomic factors in the failure of returning the bank credits in Kosovo. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n1p320
Sun, L., & Bunchapattanasakda, C. (2019). Employee engagement: A literature review. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 9(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i1.14167
Teng, C. I., Huang, K. W., & Tsai, I. L. (2007). Effects of personality on service quality in business transactions. Service Industries Journal, 27(7–8), 849–863. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060701570495
Truss, C., Shantz, A., Soane, E., Alfes, K., & Delbridge, R. (2013). Employee engagement, organisational performance and individual well-being: Exploring the evidence, developing the theory. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2657–2669. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.798921
Van den Berg, P. T., & Wilderom, C. P. (2004). Defining, measuring, and comparing organizational cultures. Applied Psychology, 53(4), 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00189.x
Wellins, R. &. (2005). Creating a culture for engagement. Workforce Performance Solutions.
Wilderom, C. P. M., & Van den Berg, P. T. (1999). Firm culture and leadership as firm performance predictors: A resource-based perspective (Center Discussion Paper, Vol. 2000-03). Operations research. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/534202/3.pdf
Akanpaadgi, E., & Binpimbu, F. (2021). Employee engagement and organizational performance. Business, Management and Economics Research, 7(3), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.32861/bmer.73.93.100
Al Shehri, M., McLaughlin, P., Al-Ashaab, A., & Hamad, R. (2017). The impact of organizational culture on employee engagement in Saudi Banks. Journal of Human Resources Management Research, 1(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5171/2017.761672
Al-dalahmeh, M., Masa’deh, R., Abu Khalaf, R. K., & Obeidat, B. Y. (2018). The effect of employee engagement on organizational performance via the mediating role of job satisfaction: The case of IT employees in Jordanian banking sector. Modern Applied Science, 12(6), 17–43. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n6p17
Alvesson, M. (2012). Organizational culture and performance. In Understanding organizational culture (pp. 42–70). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280072.n3
Auernhammer, J., & Hall, H. (2014). Organizational culture in knowledge creation, creativity and innovation: Towards the Freiraum model. Journal of Information Science, 40(2), 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551513508356
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2008). A call for longitudinal research in positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 29(5), 705–711. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.517
Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 29(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.515
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(1), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout andwork engagement: The JD-R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
Balow, C. (2017). The “effect size” in educational research: What is it and how to use it. Illuminate Education.
Batool, A., & Batool, B. (2012). Effects of employees training on the organizational competitive advantage: Empirical study of Private Sector of Islamabad, Pakistan. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 6(5), 59–72.
Collins, J., & Porras, J. I. (1995). Lanetzah nivnu [Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies] (Translated by D. Landes). Packer Press.
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business research methods (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Chatman, J. A., & Cha, S. E. (2003). Leading by leveraging culture. California Management Review, 45(4), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166186
Crawford, E. R., Lepine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 834–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019364
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Fried, Y. (2012). Work orientations in the job demands‐resources model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(6), 557–575. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211252428
Engelen, A., Flatten, T. C., Thalmann, J., & Brettel, M. (2014). The effect of organizational culture on entrepreneurial orientation: A comparison between Germany and Thailand. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(4), 732–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12052
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669
Gordon, G. G., & DiTomaso, N. (1992). Predicting corporate performance from organizational culture. Journal of Management Studies, 29(6), 783–798. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00689.x
Gordon, G. G. (1990). The relationship of corporate culture to industry sector and corporate performance. In R. H. Kilmann, M. J. Saxton, & R. Serpa (Eds.), Gain ing control of the corporate culture (pp. 103–125). Jossey-Bass.
Hofstede, G. (2002). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. The Academy of Management Review, 27(3), 460–462. https://doi.org/10.2307/4134391
Huhtala, M., & Feldt, T. (2016). The path from ethical organisational culture to employee commitment: Mediating roles of value congruence and work engagement. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.6
Islami, X. (2021). How to integrate organizational instruments? The mediation of HRM practices effect on organizational performance by SCM practices. Production & Manufacturing Research, 9(1), 206–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/21693277.2021.1978007
Islami, X. (2022). Lean manufacturing and firms’ financial performance: The role of strategic supplier partnership and information sharing. Benchmarking: An International Journal, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-02-2022-0084
Islami, X., & Mulolli, E. (2021). Linking HRM practices to operational performance in the emerging economy. In Proceedings of FEB Zagreb International Odyssey Conference on Economics and Business, 3(1), 890–900. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business.
Janićijević, N. (2020). The impact of organizational culture on firm performance: Organizational culture as a magic wand or silent killer? In Proceedings of the 54th International Academic Virtual Conference. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences. https://doi.org/10.20472/IAC.2020.054.013
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
Kazimoto, P. (2016). Employee engagement and organizational performance of retails enterprises. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 6(4), 516–525. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2016.64047
Kotter, J. P., & Heskett, J. L. (1992). Corporate culture and performance. The Free Press.
Laniado, E. (2017). The interrelationship between motivation, organizational culture and engagement. In The next challenge for 21st century leaders (No. 59/2017). Institute of Economic Research Working Papers.
Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410611420
Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2009). The “point” of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 30(2), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.589
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300814
Macey, W. S. (2009). Employee engagement tools for analysis, practice and competitive advantage. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444306538
Mac-Ozigbo, A., & Daniel, C. O. (2021). The effect of organizational culture on employees’ performance of NAFDAC, Abuja. World Journal of Management and Business Studies, 1(1), 29–44.
Marcoulides, G. A., & Heck, R. H. (1993). Organizational culture and performance: Proposing and testing a model. Organization Science, 4(2), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.2.209
May, D. R. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915892
Motyka, B. (2018). Employee engagement and performance: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Management and Economics, 54(3), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2018-0018
Mulolli, E., Islami, X., & Skenderi, N. (2015). Human resource management practices and SMEs performance: Study based in Kosovo. International Review of Management and Business Research, 4(4).
Mustafa, N., Bajrami, A., & Islami, X. (2022). Electronic services management in local governance – evidence from a transitional economy. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 17(2), 615–621. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170226
Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). Safety at work: A meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021484
Narayanamma, P. L., Neelima, S., & Mounika, K. (2022). Employee engagement and organizational performance: A literature review. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 3558–3563.
Nikpour, A. (2017). The impact of organizational culture on organizational performance: The mediating role of employee’s organizational commitment. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 6(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2017.60432
Øgaard, T., Larsen, S., & Marnburg, E. (2005). Organizational culture and performance – evidence from the fast food restaurant industry. Food Service Technology, 5(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-5740.2005.00109.x
Perrin-ISR, T. (2006). Engaged employees help boost the bottom line. Towers Perrin-ISR, US.
Ramarajan, L. (2006). What makes the job tough? The influence of organizational respect on burnout in the human services. University of Pennsylvania.
Robinson, D. S. (2004). The drivers of employee engagement. IES.
Rousseau, D. (1990). Quantitative assessment of organizational culture: The case for multiple measures. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organization climate and culture (pp. 153–192). Jossey-Bass.
Saavedra, R., & Kwun, S. K. (2000). Affective states in job characteristics theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(2), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200003)21:2<131::AID-JOB39>3.0.CO;2-Q
Saks, A. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2014). What do we really know about employee engagement? Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), 155–182. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21187
Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between job resources and proactive behaviour. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701763982
Sarangi, S. (2010). Reconfiguring self/identity/status/role: The case of professional role performance. Discourse, Identities and Roles in Specialized Communication, 125(1), 33–56.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
Skenderi, N., Islami, X., & Mulolli, E. (2016). The influence of macroeconomic factors in the failure of returning the bank credits in Kosovo. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n1p320
Sun, L., & Bunchapattanasakda, C. (2019). Employee engagement: A literature review. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 9(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i1.14167
Teng, C. I., Huang, K. W., & Tsai, I. L. (2007). Effects of personality on service quality in business transactions. Service Industries Journal, 27(7–8), 849–863. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060701570495
Truss, C., Shantz, A., Soane, E., Alfes, K., & Delbridge, R. (2013). Employee engagement, organisational performance and individual well-being: Exploring the evidence, developing the theory. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2657–2669. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.798921
Van den Berg, P. T., & Wilderom, C. P. (2004). Defining, measuring, and comparing organizational cultures. Applied Psychology, 53(4), 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00189.x
Wellins, R. &. (2005). Creating a culture for engagement. Workforce Performance Solutions.
Wilderom, C. P. M., & Van den Berg, P. T. (1999). Firm culture and leadership as firm performance predictors: A resource-based perspective (Center Discussion Paper, Vol. 2000-03). Operations research. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/534202/3.pdf