Factors influencing women’s entrepreneurial intentions: a case study
Abstract
Studying women’s entrepreneurial intentions is critical not only for encouraging women’s entrepreneurship but also for developing their entrepreneurial competencies. However, in the case of Lebanon, there is still a gap in the scientific studies related to identifying factors influencing women’s entrepreneurial intentions. In order to fulfill this gap, this research analyzes the main factors influencing Lebanese women’s entrepreneurial intentions: dominance, innovativeness, independence, and social encouragement. A scientific literature review was conducted to develop the research model and propose the research hypotheses. A survey questionnaire was prepared and distributed online to collect data from 620 Lebanese women. Then, the collected data was analyzed and presented employing descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, PLS structural equation modeling techniques, and importance-performance map analysis. The findings revealed significant relationships between the research variables except for women’s independence. Also, the findings showed that social encouragement for women partially mediates the relationship between innovativeness and women’s entrepreneurial intentions.
Keyword : women, entrepreneurship, intentions, Lebanon, independence, Middle East
How to Cite
Raudeliūnienė, J., & Matar, I. (2023). Factors influencing women’s entrepreneurial intentions: a case study. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 24(4), 754–770. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2023.20433
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Sidek, M. H. M. (2017). Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163
Agarwal, S., & Lenka, U. (2015). Study on work-life balance of women entrepreneurs – review and research agenda. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(7), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-01-2015-0006
Ahmad, S., Zulkurnain, N. N. A., & Khairushalimi, F. I. (2016). Assessing the validity and reliability of a measurement model in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, 15(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjmcs/2016/25183
Ahmetaj, B., Kruja, A. D., & Hysa, E. (2023). Women entrepreneurship: Challenges and perspectives of an emerging economy. Administrative Sciences, 13(4), Article 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13040111
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Akinwande, M., Dikko, H., & Samson, A. (2015). Variance inflation factor: As a condition for the inclusion of suppressor variable(s) in regression analysis. Open Journal of Statistics, 5, 754–767. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2015.57075
Al Ahbabi, S. A., Singh, S. K., Balasubramanian, S., & Gaur, S. S. (2019). Employee perception of impact of knowledge management processes on public sector performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(2), 351–373. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2017-0348
Al Issa, H.-E. (2020). When grit leads to success: The role of individual entrepreneurial orientation. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(2), 643–653. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.12346
Alhothali, G. T., & Al-Dajani, H. (2022). Emotions and resilience in Saudi women’s digital entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(14), Article 8794. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148794
Almobaireek, W. N., & Manolova, T. S. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivations among female university youth in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(1), S56–S75. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.711364
Al-Qahtani, M., Zguir, M. F., Al-Fagih, L., & Koç, M. (2022). Women entrepreneurship for sustainability: Investigations on status, challenges, drivers, and potentials in Qatar. Sustainability, 14(7), Article 4091. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074091
Anggadwita, G., & Dhewanto, W. (2016). The influence of personal attitude and social perception on women entrepreneurial intentions in micro and small enterprises in Indonesia. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 27(2–3), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073974
Bastian, B. L., Sidani, Y. M., & El Amine, Y. (2018). Women entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa: A review of knowledge areas and research gaps. Gender in Management, 33(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2016-0141
Braches, B., & Elliott, C. (2017). Articulating the entrepreneurship career: A study of German women entrepreneurs. International Small Business Journal, 35(5), 535–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616651921
Bruni, A., Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2004). Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(3), 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410538315
Carrington, C. (2006). Women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 19(2), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2006.10593360
Chakraborty, T., Ganguly, M., & Natarajan, A. (2019). Predicting entrepreneurial satisfaction: The role of non-financial incentive factors and quality of life among women digital entrepreneurs. Journal for Global Business Advancement, 12(3), 328–355. https://doi.org/10.1504/JGBA.2019.101388
Contreras-barraza, N., Espinosa-cristia, J. F., Salazar-sepulveda, G., & Vega-muñoz, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial intention: A gender study in business and economics students from Chile. Sustainability, 13(9), Article 4693. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094693
Cooper, S., Hampton, A., & McGowan, P. (2010). Female high technology entrepreneurs: An exploration of their pre-entrepreneurial careers and motivations for venture creation. In The 18th Annual High Techology Small Firms Conference, Enschede, The Netherlands. http://proceedings.utwente.nl/38/
Danish, A. Y., & Smith, H. L. (2012). Female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 4(3), 216–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566261211264136
Denoncourt, J. A. (2022). Supporting sustainable development goal 5 gender equality and entrepreneurship in the Tanzanite mine-to-market. Sustainability, 14(7), Article 4192. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074192
Diandra, D., & Azmy, A. (2020). Understanding definition of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 7, 235–241.
Dickel, P., & Eckardt, G. (2021). Who wants to be a social entrepreneur? The role of gender and sustainability orientation. Journal of Small Business Management, 59(1), 196–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2019.1704489
Franzke, S., Wu, J., Froese, F. J., & Chan, Z. X. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in Asia: A critical review and future directions. Asian Business and Management, 21, 343–372. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-022-00186-2
Gallego Sánchez, M. del C., De-Pablos-Heredero, C., Medina-Merodio, J. A., Robina-Ramírez, R., & Fernandez-Sanz, L. (2021). Relationships among relational coordination dimensions: Impact on the quality of education online with a structural equations model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, Article 120608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120608
Ganesan, R., Kaur, D., & Maheshwari, R. C. (2002). Women entrepreneurs. Problems and prospects. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 75–93.
Ge, T., Abbas, J., Ullah, R., Abbas, A., Sadiq, I., & Zhang, R. (2022). Women’s entrepreneurial contribution to family income: Innovative technologies promote females’ entrepreneurship amid COVID-19 crisis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828040
Gomes, S., Morais Lopes, J., Oliveira, J., Oliveira, M., Santos, T., & Sousa, M. (2021). The impact of gender on entrepreneurial intention in a peripheral region of Europe: A multigroup analysis. Social Sciences, 10(11), Article 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10110415
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
Handy, F., Kassam, M., & Renade, S. (2002). Factors influencing women entrepreneurs of NGOs in India. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 13(2), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.13203
Hattab, H. (2012). Towards understanding female entrepreneurship in Middle Eastern and North African countries: A cross-country comparison of female entrepreneurship. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 5(3), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1108/17537981211265561
Hisrich, R. D., & Öztürk, S. A. (1999). Women entrepreneurs in a developing economy. Journal of Management Development, 18(2), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719910257639
Huarng, K. H., Mas-Tur, A., & Yu, T. H. K. (2012). Factors affecting the success of women entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8, 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0233-4
Ingalagi, S. S., Nawaz, N., Rahiman, H. U., Hariharasudan, A., & Hundekar, V. (2021). Unveiling the crucial factors of women entrepreneurship in the 21st century. Social Sciences, 10(5), Article 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050153
Jilani, M. M. A., Fan, L., Islam, M. T., & Uddin, M. A. (2020). The influence of knowledge sharing on sustainable performance: A moderated mediation study. Sustainability, 12(3), Article 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030908
Linfang, Z., Khalid, R., Raza, M., Chanrawang, N., & Parveen, R. (2021). The impact of psychological factors on women entrepreneurial inclination: mediating role of self-leaderchip. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796272
Llados-Masllorens, J., & Ruiz-Dotras, E. (2022). Are women’s entrepreneurial intentions and motivations influenced by financial skills? International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2021-0017
Manolova, T. S., Brush, C. G., & Edelman, L. F. (2008). What do women entrepreneurs want? Strategic Change, 17(3–4), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.817
Maritz, A., Eager, B., & De Klerk, S. (2021). Entrepreneurship and self-employment for mature-aged people. Australian Journal of Career Development, 30(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416220978971
Markovic, M. R., Lindgren, C., Grozdanic, R., Markovic, D., Salamzadeh, A. (2012). Freedom, individuality and women’s entrepreneurship education. SSRN. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2164216
Matar, I., & Raudeliuniene, J. (2021, May). The role of knowledge acquisition in enhancing knowledge management processes in higher education institutions. In Selected Papers of the International Scientific Conference “Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering 2021”. https://doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.646
Mivehchi, L. (2019). The role of information technology in women entrepreneurship (The case of e-retailing in Iran). Procedia Computer Science, 158, 508–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.082
Mouselli, S., & Khalifa, B. (2017). Entrepreneurship in crisis: the determinants of syrian students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Business, Management and Economics Engineering, 15(2), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.3846/bme.2017.386
Nair, S. R. (2020). The link between women entrepreneurship, innovation and stakeholder engagement: A review. Journal of Business Research, 119, 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.06.038
Ndinguri, E., Machtmes, K., Machtmes, R. J., & Hill, J. (2015). Exploring how women entrepreneurs use technology for idea generation. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 5(2), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijeei.2015070102
Palmer, C., Fasbender, U., Kraus, S., Birkner, S., & Kailer, N. (2021). A chip off the old block? The role of dominance and parental entrepreneurship for entrepreneurial intention. Review of Managerial Science, 15, 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-019-00342-7
Palmer, C., Niemand, T., Stöckmann, C., Kraus, S., & Kailer, N. (2019). The interplay of entrepreneurial orientation and psychological traits in explaining firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 94, 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.005
Ramadani, V., Rahman, M. M., Salamzadeh, A., Rahaman, M. S., & Abazi-Alili, H. (2022). Entrepreneurship education and graduates’ entrepreneurial intentions: Does gender matter? A multi-group analysis using AMOS. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 180, Article 121693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121693
Rao, P., Mashour, M. N., & Mugali, H. I. (2019). SWOT analysis of the women business entrepreneurs KSA- Jazan Region. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 8(9), 754–757.
Raudeliuniene, J., & Matar, I. (2022). Knowledge management practice for sustainable development in higher education institutions: Women managers’ perspective. Sustainability, 14(19), Article 12311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912311
Raudeliūnienė, J., Davidavičienė, V., Meidutė-Kavaliauskienė, I., & Radeckytė, V. (2021). Women’s leadership success factors in the Baltic states. International Journal of Learning and Change, 13(2), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLC.2021.113380
Rehman, S., & Roomi, M. A. (2012). Gender and work-life balance: A phenomenological study of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(2), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211223865
Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results: The importance-performance map analysis. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116(9), 1865–1886. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2015-0449
Ristovska, N., & Blazheska, D. (2020). Enhancing women‘s engagement in entrepreneurial business activities. UTMS Journal of Economics, 11(2), 213–230.
Stead, V. (2017). Belonging and women entrepreneurs: Women’s navigation of gendered assumptions in entrepreneurial practice. International Small Business Journal, 35(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615594413
Tlaiss, H. A. (2019). Contextualizing the career success of Arab women entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 31(3–4), 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551790
Tlaiss, H. A., & McAdam, M. (2021). Islam, Arab women’s entrepreneurship and the construal of success. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 27(3), 821–844. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2020-0523
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410412
Webster, N. A., & Haandrikman, K. (2020). Exploring the role of privilege in migrant women’s self-employment. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(6), 1534–1568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720969139
Welsh, D. H. B., Kaciak, E., & Thongpapanl, N. (2016a). Influence of stages of economic development on women entrepreneurs’ startups. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 4933–4940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.055
Welsh, D. H. B., Memili, E., & Kaciak, E. (2016b). An empirical analysis of the impact of family moral support on Turkish women entrepreneurs. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 1(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2016.01.012
Agarwal, S., & Lenka, U. (2015). Study on work-life balance of women entrepreneurs – review and research agenda. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(7), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-01-2015-0006
Ahmad, S., Zulkurnain, N. N. A., & Khairushalimi, F. I. (2016). Assessing the validity and reliability of a measurement model in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, 15(3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjmcs/2016/25183
Ahmetaj, B., Kruja, A. D., & Hysa, E. (2023). Women entrepreneurship: Challenges and perspectives of an emerging economy. Administrative Sciences, 13(4), Article 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13040111
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Akinwande, M., Dikko, H., & Samson, A. (2015). Variance inflation factor: As a condition for the inclusion of suppressor variable(s) in regression analysis. Open Journal of Statistics, 5, 754–767. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2015.57075
Al Ahbabi, S. A., Singh, S. K., Balasubramanian, S., & Gaur, S. S. (2019). Employee perception of impact of knowledge management processes on public sector performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(2), 351–373. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2017-0348
Al Issa, H.-E. (2020). When grit leads to success: The role of individual entrepreneurial orientation. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(2), 643–653. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.12346
Alhothali, G. T., & Al-Dajani, H. (2022). Emotions and resilience in Saudi women’s digital entrepreneurship during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(14), Article 8794. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148794
Almobaireek, W. N., & Manolova, T. S. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivations among female university youth in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(1), S56–S75. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.711364
Al-Qahtani, M., Zguir, M. F., Al-Fagih, L., & Koç, M. (2022). Women entrepreneurship for sustainability: Investigations on status, challenges, drivers, and potentials in Qatar. Sustainability, 14(7), Article 4091. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074091
Anggadwita, G., & Dhewanto, W. (2016). The influence of personal attitude and social perception on women entrepreneurial intentions in micro and small enterprises in Indonesia. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 27(2–3), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2016.073974
Bastian, B. L., Sidani, Y. M., & El Amine, Y. (2018). Women entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa: A review of knowledge areas and research gaps. Gender in Management, 33(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2016-0141
Braches, B., & Elliott, C. (2017). Articulating the entrepreneurship career: A study of German women entrepreneurs. International Small Business Journal, 35(5), 535–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242616651921
Bruni, A., Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2004). Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(3), 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410538315
Carrington, C. (2006). Women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 19(2), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2006.10593360
Chakraborty, T., Ganguly, M., & Natarajan, A. (2019). Predicting entrepreneurial satisfaction: The role of non-financial incentive factors and quality of life among women digital entrepreneurs. Journal for Global Business Advancement, 12(3), 328–355. https://doi.org/10.1504/JGBA.2019.101388
Contreras-barraza, N., Espinosa-cristia, J. F., Salazar-sepulveda, G., & Vega-muñoz, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial intention: A gender study in business and economics students from Chile. Sustainability, 13(9), Article 4693. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094693
Cooper, S., Hampton, A., & McGowan, P. (2010). Female high technology entrepreneurs: An exploration of their pre-entrepreneurial careers and motivations for venture creation. In The 18th Annual High Techology Small Firms Conference, Enschede, The Netherlands. http://proceedings.utwente.nl/38/
Danish, A. Y., & Smith, H. L. (2012). Female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 4(3), 216–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566261211264136
Denoncourt, J. A. (2022). Supporting sustainable development goal 5 gender equality and entrepreneurship in the Tanzanite mine-to-market. Sustainability, 14(7), Article 4192. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074192
Diandra, D., & Azmy, A. (2020). Understanding definition of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 7, 235–241.
Dickel, P., & Eckardt, G. (2021). Who wants to be a social entrepreneur? The role of gender and sustainability orientation. Journal of Small Business Management, 59(1), 196–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2019.1704489
Franzke, S., Wu, J., Froese, F. J., & Chan, Z. X. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in Asia: A critical review and future directions. Asian Business and Management, 21, 343–372. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-022-00186-2
Gallego Sánchez, M. del C., De-Pablos-Heredero, C., Medina-Merodio, J. A., Robina-Ramírez, R., & Fernandez-Sanz, L. (2021). Relationships among relational coordination dimensions: Impact on the quality of education online with a structural equations model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, Article 120608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120608
Ganesan, R., Kaur, D., & Maheshwari, R. C. (2002). Women entrepreneurs. Problems and prospects. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 75–93.
Ge, T., Abbas, J., Ullah, R., Abbas, A., Sadiq, I., & Zhang, R. (2022). Women’s entrepreneurial contribution to family income: Innovative technologies promote females’ entrepreneurship amid COVID-19 crisis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828040
Gomes, S., Morais Lopes, J., Oliveira, J., Oliveira, M., Santos, T., & Sousa, M. (2021). The impact of gender on entrepreneurial intention in a peripheral region of Europe: A multigroup analysis. Social Sciences, 10(11), Article 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10110415
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
Handy, F., Kassam, M., & Renade, S. (2002). Factors influencing women entrepreneurs of NGOs in India. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 13(2), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.13203
Hattab, H. (2012). Towards understanding female entrepreneurship in Middle Eastern and North African countries: A cross-country comparison of female entrepreneurship. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 5(3), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1108/17537981211265561
Hisrich, R. D., & Öztürk, S. A. (1999). Women entrepreneurs in a developing economy. Journal of Management Development, 18(2), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719910257639
Huarng, K. H., Mas-Tur, A., & Yu, T. H. K. (2012). Factors affecting the success of women entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8, 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0233-4
Ingalagi, S. S., Nawaz, N., Rahiman, H. U., Hariharasudan, A., & Hundekar, V. (2021). Unveiling the crucial factors of women entrepreneurship in the 21st century. Social Sciences, 10(5), Article 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050153
Jilani, M. M. A., Fan, L., Islam, M. T., & Uddin, M. A. (2020). The influence of knowledge sharing on sustainable performance: A moderated mediation study. Sustainability, 12(3), Article 908. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030908
Linfang, Z., Khalid, R., Raza, M., Chanrawang, N., & Parveen, R. (2021). The impact of psychological factors on women entrepreneurial inclination: mediating role of self-leaderchip. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796272
Llados-Masllorens, J., & Ruiz-Dotras, E. (2022). Are women’s entrepreneurial intentions and motivations influenced by financial skills? International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2021-0017
Manolova, T. S., Brush, C. G., & Edelman, L. F. (2008). What do women entrepreneurs want? Strategic Change, 17(3–4), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.817
Maritz, A., Eager, B., & De Klerk, S. (2021). Entrepreneurship and self-employment for mature-aged people. Australian Journal of Career Development, 30(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416220978971
Markovic, M. R., Lindgren, C., Grozdanic, R., Markovic, D., Salamzadeh, A. (2012). Freedom, individuality and women’s entrepreneurship education. SSRN. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2164216
Matar, I., & Raudeliuniene, J. (2021, May). The role of knowledge acquisition in enhancing knowledge management processes in higher education institutions. In Selected Papers of the International Scientific Conference “Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering 2021”. https://doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.646
Mivehchi, L. (2019). The role of information technology in women entrepreneurship (The case of e-retailing in Iran). Procedia Computer Science, 158, 508–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.082
Mouselli, S., & Khalifa, B. (2017). Entrepreneurship in crisis: the determinants of syrian students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Business, Management and Economics Engineering, 15(2), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.3846/bme.2017.386
Nair, S. R. (2020). The link between women entrepreneurship, innovation and stakeholder engagement: A review. Journal of Business Research, 119, 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.06.038
Ndinguri, E., Machtmes, K., Machtmes, R. J., & Hill, J. (2015). Exploring how women entrepreneurs use technology for idea generation. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 5(2), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijeei.2015070102
Palmer, C., Fasbender, U., Kraus, S., Birkner, S., & Kailer, N. (2021). A chip off the old block? The role of dominance and parental entrepreneurship for entrepreneurial intention. Review of Managerial Science, 15, 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-019-00342-7
Palmer, C., Niemand, T., Stöckmann, C., Kraus, S., & Kailer, N. (2019). The interplay of entrepreneurial orientation and psychological traits in explaining firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 94, 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.005
Ramadani, V., Rahman, M. M., Salamzadeh, A., Rahaman, M. S., & Abazi-Alili, H. (2022). Entrepreneurship education and graduates’ entrepreneurial intentions: Does gender matter? A multi-group analysis using AMOS. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 180, Article 121693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121693
Rao, P., Mashour, M. N., & Mugali, H. I. (2019). SWOT analysis of the women business entrepreneurs KSA- Jazan Region. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 8(9), 754–757.
Raudeliuniene, J., & Matar, I. (2022). Knowledge management practice for sustainable development in higher education institutions: Women managers’ perspective. Sustainability, 14(19), Article 12311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912311
Raudeliūnienė, J., Davidavičienė, V., Meidutė-Kavaliauskienė, I., & Radeckytė, V. (2021). Women’s leadership success factors in the Baltic states. International Journal of Learning and Change, 13(2), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLC.2021.113380
Rehman, S., & Roomi, M. A. (2012). Gender and work-life balance: A phenomenological study of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(2), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211223865
Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results: The importance-performance map analysis. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116(9), 1865–1886. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2015-0449
Ristovska, N., & Blazheska, D. (2020). Enhancing women‘s engagement in entrepreneurial business activities. UTMS Journal of Economics, 11(2), 213–230.
Stead, V. (2017). Belonging and women entrepreneurs: Women’s navigation of gendered assumptions in entrepreneurial practice. International Small Business Journal, 35(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242615594413
Tlaiss, H. A. (2019). Contextualizing the career success of Arab women entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 31(3–4), 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551790
Tlaiss, H. A., & McAdam, M. (2021). Islam, Arab women’s entrepreneurship and the construal of success. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 27(3), 821–844. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2020-0523
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410412
Webster, N. A., & Haandrikman, K. (2020). Exploring the role of privilege in migrant women’s self-employment. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(6), 1534–1568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720969139
Welsh, D. H. B., Kaciak, E., & Thongpapanl, N. (2016a). Influence of stages of economic development on women entrepreneurs’ startups. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 4933–4940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.055
Welsh, D. H. B., Memili, E., & Kaciak, E. (2016b). An empirical analysis of the impact of family moral support on Turkish women entrepreneurs. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 1(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2016.01.012