The influence of resume quality and ethnicity cues on employment decisions
Abstract
This study examined the effects of resume writing quality and ethnicity cues on employment decisions. Prior research on resume quality is scant and no prior studies have examined the role of both resume quality and ethnicity on employment decisions. Participants reviewed a fictitious resume (error-laden or error-free) of a Black, Hispanic or White candidate for the job of Sales Manager. Applicants with error-laden resumes were less likely to be interviewed, hired, offered lower starting salaries and rated lower on job-related traits than applicants with error-free resumes. Although ethnicity did not affect the likelihood of getting interviewed or hired, White applicants were offered higher salaries and rated higher on several job-related traits than Black and Hispanic job applicants. Furthermore, Black applicants with error-free resumes received over 6% less in starting salary than White applicants with error-laden resumes. A practical implication of these findings is that applicants should ensure that their resume contains no spelling, grammatical or typographical errors. These results also suggest that non-White job applicants need job qualifications that exceed those of White applicants to achieve pay equity. This paper provides further evidence for and enhances understanding of implicit race bias toward non-White job applicants.
First published online 29 October 2020
Keyword : resume quality, ethnicity cues, implicit race bias, salary, discrimination, employment decisions
How to Cite
Shore, T., Tashchian, A., & Forrester, W. R. (2021). The influence of resume quality and ethnicity cues on employment decisions. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 22(1), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.13670
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Crandall, C., & Eshleman, A. (2003). A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 414–446. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414
Crosby, F., Bromley, S., & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87(3), 546–563. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.87.3.546
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Derous, E., & Ryan, A. M. (2018). When your resume is (not) turning you down: Modelling ethnic bias in resume screening. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(2), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12217
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Dixon, J. C., & Rosenbaum, M. S. (2004). Nice to know you? Testing contact, cultural and group threat theories of anti-Black and anti-Hispanic stereotypes. Social Science Quarterly, 85(2), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502003.x
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Figueredo, L., & Varnhagan, C. K. (2005). Didn’t you run the spell checker? Effects of type spelling error and use of s spell checker on perceptions of the author. Reading Psychology, 26(4–5), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702710500400495
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Guiliano, L., Levine, D., & Leonard, J. (2009). Manager race and the race of the new hires. Journal of Labor Economics, 27(4), 589–631. https://doi.org/10.1086/605946
Heilman, M. E., & Okimoto, T. G. (2008). Motherhood: A potential source of bias in employment decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.189
Hernandez, M., Avery, D. R., Volpone, S. D., & Kaiser, C. R. (2018). Bargaining while Black: The role of race in salary bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(4), 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000363
Highhouse, S., & Gallo, A. (1997). Order effects in personnel decision making. Human Performance, 10(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1001_2
Holbrook, C., Fessler, D., & Navarrete, C. (2016). Looming large on others’ eyes: Racial stereotypes illuminate dual adaptations for representing threat versus prestige as physical size. Evolution and Human Behavior, 37(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.08.004
Howard, S., & Borgella, A. M. (2019). Are Adewale and Ngochi more employable than Jamal and Lakeisha? The influence of nationality and ethnicity cues on employment-related evaluations of Blacks in the United States. Journal of Social Psychology, 160(4), 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2019.1687415
IPMA-HR Bulletin. (2006, September). Survey finds a single resume typo can ruin job prospects, 15, 1.
Jones, C. G. (2011). Written and computer-mediated accounting communication skills: An employer perspective. Business Communication Quarterly, 74(3), 247–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569911413808
Jones, K. P., Peddie, C. I., Gilrane, V. L., King, E. B., & Gray, A. L. (2016). Not so subtle: A meta-analytic investigation of the correlates of subtle and overt discrimination. Journal of Management, 42(6), 1588–1613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313506466
Jowett, J. (2018). The most popular Spanish baby names for 2019. https://www.childhood.com/baby/the-most-popular-spanish-baby-names-for-2019/
Kenney, G. M., & Wissoker, D. A. (1994). An analysis of the correlates of discrimination facing young Hispanic job-seekers. American Economic Review, 84, 674–684. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118075
King, E. B., Hebl, M. R., George, J. M., & Matusik, S. F. (2010). Understanding tokenism: Antecedents and consequences of a psychological climate of gender inequity. Journal of Management, 36(2), 482–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308328508
King, E. B., Madera, J. M., Hebl, M. R., Knight, J. L., & Mendoza, S. A. (2006). What’s in a name? A multiracial investigation of the role of occupational stereotypes in selection decisions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(5), 1145–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00035.x
Klink, A., & Wagner, U. (1999). Discrimination against ethnic minorities in Germany: Going back to the field. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 402–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x
Krouse, S. B., Rosenfeld, P., & Culbertson, A. L. (Eds.). (1992). Hispanics in the workplace. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483325996
Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.275
Martin-Lacroux, C., & Lacroux, A. (2017). Do employers forgive applicant’s bad spelling in resumes? Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 80(3), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329490616671310
Matthes, K. (1992). Attracting and retaining Hispanic employees. HR Focus, 69, 7.
McCord, M. A., Joseph, D. L., Dhanani, L. Y., & Beus, J. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of sex and race differences in perceived workplace mistreatment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(2), 137–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000250
McElroy, J. C., Summers, J. K., & Moore, K. (2014). The effect of facial piercing on perceptions of job applicants. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 125(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.05.003
Morgan, K. E., & Thompson, L. F. (2013, April). Attributions in mobile computer-mediated communication. [Conference presentation]. 28th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Houston, TX.
Nemanick, R. C., & Clark, E. M. (2002). The differential effects of extracurricular activities on attributions in resume evaluation. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(3), 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00210
Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2016). Fundamentals of human resource management (6 ed.). McGraw Hill.
Oreopoulos, P. (2011). Why do skilled immigrants struggle in the labor market? A field experiment with six thousand resumes. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 3(4), 148–171. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.3.4.148
Pierne, G. (2018). Hiring discrimination, ethnic origin and employment status. International Journal of Manpower, 39(1), 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-05-2016-0104
Quillian, L., Pager, D., Hexel, O., & Midtboen, A. H. (2017). Meta-analysis of field experiments shows no change in racial discrimination in hiring over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(41), 10870–10875. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706255114
Saulter, P. S., & Haugen, A. D. (2017). Critical race studies in psychology. In G. Brendan (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of critical social psychology (pp. 123–145). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51018-1_7
Stevens, A. C. (2006). Effects of altering grammar and spelling on perceived author credibility.
Tomkiewicz, J., Brenner, O. C., & Adeyemi-Bello, T. (1998). The impact of perceptions and stereotypes on the managerial mobility of African Americans. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(1), 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549809600356
Vignovic, J. A., & Thompson, L. F. (2010). Computer-mediated cross-cultural collaboration: Attributing communication errors to the person versus the situation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018628
Whysall, Z. (2018). Cognitive biases in recruitment, selection, and promotion: The risk of subconscious discrimination. In V. Caven & S. Nachmias (Eds.), Hidden inequalities in the workplace. Palgrave explorations in workplace stigma (pp. 215–243). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59686-0_9
Wilkin, C. L., & Connelly, C. E. (2012). Do I look like someone who cares? Recruiters’ rating of applicants’ paid and volunteer experience. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 20(3), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2012.00602.x
Wilson, V., & Rogers, W. R. (2016). Black-white wage gaps expand with rising wage inequality. Economic policy institute. Washington, DC. https://www.epi.org/files/pdf/101972.pdf
Bendick, M. Jr., Jackson, C. W., Reinoso, V. A., & Hodges, L. E. (2006), Discrimination against Latino job applicants: A controlled experiment. Human Resource Management, 30(4), 469–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930300404
Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr057
Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, 94(4), 991–1013. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828042002561
Booth, A., Leigh, A., & Varganova, E. (2012). Does ethnic discrimination vary across minority groups? Evidence from a field experiment. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 547–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00664.x
Carbonaro, W., & Schwarz, J. (2018). Opportunities and challenges in designing and conducting a labor market resume study. In S. Gaddis (Ed.), Audit studies: Behind the scenes with theory, method, and nuance. Methods series (Methodological prospects in the social sciences) (Vol. 14, pp. 143–158). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71153-9_7
Carlsson, M., & Rooth, D. O. (2007). Evidence of ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labor market using experimental data. Labor Economics, 14(4), 716–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2007.05.001
Carr, C. T., & Stephaniak, C. (2012). Sent from my iPhone: The medium and message as cues of sender professionalism in mobile telephony. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 40(4), 403–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2012.712707
Christensen, D. S., & Rees, D. (2002). An analysis of business communication skills needed by entrylevel accountants. Mountain Plains Journal of Business and Economics, 3(1), 3–13. https://openspaces.unk.edu/mpjbt/vol3/iss1/6
Coffelt, T. A., Grauman, D., & Smith, F. (2019). Employers’ perspectives on workplace communication skills: The meaning of communication skills. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 82(4), 418–439. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410611567
Crandall, C., & Eshleman, A. (2003). A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 414–446. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414
Crosby, F., Bromley, S., & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87(3), 546–563. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.87.3.546
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2004). When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn’t cut the ice. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 701–718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00381.x
Derous, E., & Ryan, A. M. (2018). When your resume is (not) turning you down: Modelling ethnic bias in resume screening. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(2), 113–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12217
Devine, P. G., & Elliot, A. J. (1995), Are racial stereotypes really fading? The Princeton trilogy revisited. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(11), 1139–1150. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672952111002
Dipboye, R. L., & Colella, A. (2005). The dilemmas of workplace prejudice, discrimination and racism. In R. Dipboye & A. Collela (Eds.), The psychological and organizational bases of discrimination at work. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dixon, J. C., & Rosenbaum, M. S. (2004). Nice to know you? Testing contact, cultural and group threat theories of anti-Black and anti-Hispanic stereotypes. Social Science Quarterly, 85(2), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502003.x
Edo, A., Jacquemet, N., & Yannelis, C. (2019). Language skills and homophilous hiring discrimination: Evidence from gender and racially differentiated applications. Review of Economic Household, 17, 349–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-017-9391-z
Figueredo, L., & Varnhagan, C. K. (2005). Didn’t you run the spell checker? Effects of type spelling error and use of s spell checker on perceptions of the author. Reading Psychology, 26(4–5), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702710500400495
Goodman, J. K., Cryder, C. E., & Cheema, A. (2013). Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 26(3), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1753
Guiliano, L., Levine, D., & Leonard, J. (2009). Manager race and the race of the new hires. Journal of Labor Economics, 27(4), 589–631. https://doi.org/10.1086/605946
Heilman, M. E., & Okimoto, T. G. (2008). Motherhood: A potential source of bias in employment decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.189
Hernandez, M., Avery, D. R., Volpone, S. D., & Kaiser, C. R. (2018). Bargaining while Black: The role of race in salary bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(4), 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000363
Highhouse, S., & Gallo, A. (1997). Order effects in personnel decision making. Human Performance, 10(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1001_2
Holbrook, C., Fessler, D., & Navarrete, C. (2016). Looming large on others’ eyes: Racial stereotypes illuminate dual adaptations for representing threat versus prestige as physical size. Evolution and Human Behavior, 37(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.08.004
Howard, S., & Borgella, A. M. (2019). Are Adewale and Ngochi more employable than Jamal and Lakeisha? The influence of nationality and ethnicity cues on employment-related evaluations of Blacks in the United States. Journal of Social Psychology, 160(4), 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2019.1687415
IPMA-HR Bulletin. (2006, September). Survey finds a single resume typo can ruin job prospects, 15, 1.
Jones, C. G. (2011). Written and computer-mediated accounting communication skills: An employer perspective. Business Communication Quarterly, 74(3), 247–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569911413808
Jones, K. P., Peddie, C. I., Gilrane, V. L., King, E. B., & Gray, A. L. (2016). Not so subtle: A meta-analytic investigation of the correlates of subtle and overt discrimination. Journal of Management, 42(6), 1588–1613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313506466
Jowett, J. (2018). The most popular Spanish baby names for 2019. https://www.childhood.com/baby/the-most-popular-spanish-baby-names-for-2019/
Kenney, G. M., & Wissoker, D. A. (1994). An analysis of the correlates of discrimination facing young Hispanic job-seekers. American Economic Review, 84, 674–684. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118075
King, E. B., Hebl, M. R., George, J. M., & Matusik, S. F. (2010). Understanding tokenism: Antecedents and consequences of a psychological climate of gender inequity. Journal of Management, 36(2), 482–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308328508
King, E. B., Madera, J. M., Hebl, M. R., Knight, J. L., & Mendoza, S. A. (2006). What’s in a name? A multiracial investigation of the role of occupational stereotypes in selection decisions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(5), 1145–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00035.x
Klink, A., & Wagner, U. (1999). Discrimination against ethnic minorities in Germany: Going back to the field. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 402–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x
Krouse, S. B., Rosenfeld, P., & Culbertson, A. L. (Eds.). (1992). Hispanics in the workplace. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483325996
Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.275
Martin-Lacroux, C., & Lacroux, A. (2017). Do employers forgive applicant’s bad spelling in resumes? Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 80(3), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329490616671310
Matthes, K. (1992). Attracting and retaining Hispanic employees. HR Focus, 69, 7.
McCord, M. A., Joseph, D. L., Dhanani, L. Y., & Beus, J. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of sex and race differences in perceived workplace mistreatment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(2), 137–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000250
McElroy, J. C., Summers, J. K., & Moore, K. (2014). The effect of facial piercing on perceptions of job applicants. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 125(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.05.003
Morgan, K. E., & Thompson, L. F. (2013, April). Attributions in mobile computer-mediated communication. [Conference presentation]. 28th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Houston, TX.
Nemanick, R. C., & Clark, E. M. (2002). The differential effects of extracurricular activities on attributions in resume evaluation. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(3), 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00210
Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2016). Fundamentals of human resource management (6 ed.). McGraw Hill.
Oreopoulos, P. (2011). Why do skilled immigrants struggle in the labor market? A field experiment with six thousand resumes. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 3(4), 148–171. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.3.4.148
Pierne, G. (2018). Hiring discrimination, ethnic origin and employment status. International Journal of Manpower, 39(1), 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-05-2016-0104
Quillian, L., Pager, D., Hexel, O., & Midtboen, A. H. (2017). Meta-analysis of field experiments shows no change in racial discrimination in hiring over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(41), 10870–10875. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706255114
Saulter, P. S., & Haugen, A. D. (2017). Critical race studies in psychology. In G. Brendan (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of critical social psychology (pp. 123–145). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51018-1_7
Stevens, A. C. (2006). Effects of altering grammar and spelling on perceived author credibility.
Tomkiewicz, J., Brenner, O. C., & Adeyemi-Bello, T. (1998). The impact of perceptions and stereotypes on the managerial mobility of African Americans. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(1), 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549809600356
Vignovic, J. A., & Thompson, L. F. (2010). Computer-mediated cross-cultural collaboration: Attributing communication errors to the person versus the situation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018628
Whysall, Z. (2018). Cognitive biases in recruitment, selection, and promotion: The risk of subconscious discrimination. In V. Caven & S. Nachmias (Eds.), Hidden inequalities in the workplace. Palgrave explorations in workplace stigma (pp. 215–243). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59686-0_9
Wilkin, C. L., & Connelly, C. E. (2012). Do I look like someone who cares? Recruiters’ rating of applicants’ paid and volunteer experience. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 20(3), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2012.00602.x
Wilson, V., & Rogers, W. R. (2016). Black-white wage gaps expand with rising wage inequality. Economic policy institute. Washington, DC. https://www.epi.org/files/pdf/101972.pdf