Study on the characteristics of potassium salt international trade based on complex network
Abstract
This paper studies the evolutionary characteristics of international trade of potassium salts. We construct a weighted and directed complex network model of potassium salt trade, analyze the scale and activity, trade relations, trade flow distribution and the importance of trading countries using UN Comtrade2000-2016 data. Results show that potassium salt trade is more dynamic, resource allocation is more convenient. Some countries have formed trade groups. The relationship between small and major countries is growing. The resource flows of countries with large degrees are conducive to balancing resource’s distribution. Besides Canada is a leading trade country, and the US, the Russian Federation, China and Brazil are trade-led countries. China, the Netherlands, the US, France and India are important hubs. Finally, using Porter's national competitive advantage theory, it proposes countermeasures for forming the international competitive advantage of potassium salt enterprises in different countries.
Keyword : potassium salt, complex network, evolutionary characteristics, trade relationship, trade flow distribution, trade scale, trade activity
How to Cite
Wang, M., & Kong, R. (2019). Study on the characteristics of potassium salt international trade based on complex network. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 20(5), 1000-1021. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2019.10455
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Vall-Llosera, M., & Cassey, P. (2017). “Do you come from a land down under?” characteristics of the international trade in Australian endemic parrots. Biological Conservation, 207, 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.015
Wang, W., Li, Z., & Cheng, X. (2018). Evolution of the global coal trade network: A complex network analysis. Resources Policy, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.10.005
Wang, X., Li, X., & Chen, G. (2006). Complex network theory and its application. Tsinghua university press.
Weng, Y., Yang, C., & Tu, F. (2010). Outward foreign direct investment and product quality of domestic productions: an empirical investigation. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 11(3), 396-414. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2010.19
Zhang, L., Chen, T., Yang, J., Cai, Z., Sheng, H., & Yuan, Z., et al. (2017a). Characterizing copper flows in international trade of China, 1975–2015. Science of The Total Environment, 601-602, 1238-1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.216
Zhang, X., Cui, H., Zhu, J., Du, Y., Wang, Q., & Shi, W. (2017b). Measuring the dissimilarity of multiplex networks: an empirical study of international trade networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 467, 380-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.10.024
Zhao, Z. (2013). Global potash resource supply and demand pattern and potash market price trend. China Economic & Trade Journal, 35, 11-13.
Zhong, W., Dai, T., Wang, G., Li, Q., Li, D., & Liang, L., et al. (2018). Structure of international iron flow: based on substance flow analysis and complex network. Resources Conservation & Recycling, 136, 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.006
Zhou, M., Wu, G., & Xu, H. (2016). Structure and formation of top networks in international trade, 2001-2010. Social Networks, 44, 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.07.006
Bao, R., & Liu, W. (2014). World potash production and consumption pattern and its changes. Land and Resources Intelligence, (8), 18-21.
Bao, R., Yuan, Z., & Zhou, D. (2013). Potash resources and potash supply and demand situation analysis and prediction. Journal of Phosphate Fertilizer and Compound Fertilizers, 28(2), 4-8+14.
Campi, M., & Dueñas, M. (2016). Intellectual property rights and international trade of agricultural products. World Development, 80, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.014
Cheng, M., Yang, G., Chi, X., & Xin, M. (2019). International trade competitiveness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) based on the theory of the diamond industry research. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 44(01), 207-211.
De Andrade, R. L., & Rêgo, L. Ch. (2017). The use of nodes attributes in social network analysis with an application to an international trade network. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 491, 249-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.08.126
Dia, E., & Vanhoose, D. (2016). Capital intensities and international trade in banking services. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2016.08.007
Du, R., Wang, Y., Dong, G., Tian, L., Liu, Y., & Wang, M., et al. (2017). A complex network perspective on interrelations and evolution features of international oil trade, 2002–2013. Applied Energy, 196, 142-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.042
Fang, Y., & Ma, R. (2018). Potential and influencing factors of cultural trade between China and countries along “One Belt And One Road”: an empirical study based on stochastic frontier gravity model. World economic research.
Feng, S., Li, H., Qi, Y., Guan, Q., & Wen, S. (2017). Who will build new trade relations? Finding potential relations in international gas trade. Energy, 141, 1226-1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.030
Fiorini, M., & Hoekman, B. (2017). Services trade policy and sustainable development. SSRN Electronic Journal, 112. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3033851
Ge, Y., & Li, B. (2019). Football is a game? – based on the breakpoint regression design to study the effect of the World Cup on international trade. Journal of Economic Review, (1), 91-105.
Ge, J., Wang, X., Guan, Q., Li, W., Zhu, H., & Yao, M. (2016). World rare earths trade network: patterns, relations and role characteristics. Resources Policy, 50, 119-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.09.002
Hou, W., Liu, H., Wang, H., & Wu, F. (2017). Structure and patterns of the international rare earths trade: a complex network analysis. Resources Policy, 55, 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.11.008
Hye, Q. M. A., & Lau, W. Y. (2015). Trade openness and economic growth: empirical evidence from India. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 16(1), 188-205. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.720587
Lamastra, L., Miglietta, P. P., Toma, P., De Leo, F., & Massari, S. (2017). Virtual water trade of agri-food products: evidence from Italian-Chinese relations. Science of the Total Environment, 599–600, 474-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.146
Li, G. (2012). Status quo, development opportunities and challenges of China’s potash industry. Inorganic Salt Industry, 44(5), 1-3.
Li, Q., Zhong, W., Wang, G., Cheng, J., Dai, T., & Wen, B., et al. (2018). Material and value flows of iron in Chinese international trade from 2010 to 2016. Resources Policy, 59, 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.resourpol.2018.06.011
Liu, Y., Chen, S., Chen, B., & Yang, W. (2016). Analysis of CO2 emissions embodied in China’s bilateral trade: a non-competitive import input–output approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14865-3
Marko Lovrić, Re, R. D., Vidale, E., Pettenella, D., & Mavsar, R. (2018). Social network analysis as a tool for the analysis of international trade of wood and non-wood forest products. Forest Policy and Economics, 86, 45-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.10.006
Newman, M. E. J. (2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review, 45(2), 167-256. https://doi.org/10.1137/S003614450342480
Nyen Wong, K., & Khoon Goh, S. (2013). Outward FDI, merchandise and services trade: evidence from Singapore. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(2), 276-291. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2012.703964
Olczyk, M. (2016). Bibliometric approach to tracking the concept of international competitiveness. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 17(6), 945-959. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2016.1236035
Porter, M. E. (1998). The competitive advantage of nations. Free press.
Rawashdeh, R. A., & Maxwell, P. (2014). Analysing the world potash industry. Resources Policy, 41(41), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2014.05.004
Ginevičius, R., Tvaronavičienė, M., Korsakienė, R., & Kalaūinskaitė, K. (2007). Lithuania - Belarus economic relations: how the EU accession impacted bilateral trade. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 8(2), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2007.9636161
Sebestyén, & Tamás. (2016). Moving beyond the iceberg model: the role of trade relations in endogenizing transportation costs in computable general equilibrium models. Economic Modelling, 67, 159-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.015
Sharma, S., Duveiller, E., Basnet, R., Karki, C. B., & Sharma, R. C. (2005). Effect of potash fertilization on helminthosporium leaf blight severity in wheat, and associated increases in grain yield and kernel weight. Field Crops Research, 93(2-3), 0-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.09.016
Sun, Q., Gao, X., Zhong, W., & Liu, N. (2017). The stability of the international oil trade network from short-term and long-term perspectives. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 482, 345-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.04.047
Tian, X., Geng Y., & Sarkis, J. (2018). Trends and features of embodied flows associated with international trade based on bibliometric analysis. Resources Conservation & Recycling, 131, 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.002
Vall-Llosera, M., & Cassey, P. (2017). “Do you come from a land down under?” characteristics of the international trade in Australian endemic parrots. Biological Conservation, 207, 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.015
Wang, W., Li, Z., & Cheng, X. (2018). Evolution of the global coal trade network: A complex network analysis. Resources Policy, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.10.005
Wang, X., Li, X., & Chen, G. (2006). Complex network theory and its application. Tsinghua university press.
Weng, Y., Yang, C., & Tu, F. (2010). Outward foreign direct investment and product quality of domestic productions: an empirical investigation. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 11(3), 396-414. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2010.19
Zhang, L., Chen, T., Yang, J., Cai, Z., Sheng, H., & Yuan, Z., et al. (2017a). Characterizing copper flows in international trade of China, 1975–2015. Science of The Total Environment, 601-602, 1238-1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.216
Zhang, X., Cui, H., Zhu, J., Du, Y., Wang, Q., & Shi, W. (2017b). Measuring the dissimilarity of multiplex networks: an empirical study of international trade networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 467, 380-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.10.024
Zhao, Z. (2013). Global potash resource supply and demand pattern and potash market price trend. China Economic & Trade Journal, 35, 11-13.
Zhong, W., Dai, T., Wang, G., Li, Q., Li, D., & Liang, L., et al. (2018). Structure of international iron flow: based on substance flow analysis and complex network. Resources Conservation & Recycling, 136, 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.006
Zhou, M., Wu, G., & Xu, H. (2016). Structure and formation of top networks in international trade, 2001-2010. Social Networks, 44, 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.07.006